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Forging is a processing method that uses a forging machine to apply pressure to a metal blank to plastically deform it to obtain a forging with certain mechanical properties, certain shape and size, and is one of the two major components of forging (forging and stamping).
The forging process can eliminate the defects such as loose as-cast metal produced in the smelting process and optimize the microstructure. At the same time, due to the preservation of the complete metal streamline, the mechanical properties of forgings are generally better than those of the same material.
For important parts with high load and severe working conditions in related machinery, forgings are mostly used in addition to rolling plates, profiles or welded parts with simple shapes.
Each forging method has its characteristics and scope of application. When choosing a forging method, the requirements for product parts (quantity, processing requirements, size and shape, etc.) and existing production conditions (local area, this unit) must be determined from the drawings. According to the actual situation, adopt the most reasonable method.
For example, single-piece, small, complex and large forgings are mostly free forging; forgings produced in batches or small batches are forged with die forging or die forging; for mass production, die forging or die forging should be used. Other special die forging (such as extrusion, rolling, roll forging, etc.).
In short, according to the results of the process and economic analysis, choose a reasonable and feasible forging process plan that is energy-saving, material-saving and efficient.
1) Strength requirements
Factors such as strength, complexity, surface roughness and europium of the part need to be considered. If the strength requirements are not high, but the shape is complex, should use casting; if the shape is simple and the strength requirements are high, should ues forging. However, when the shape of the parts is complex and the strength cannot be guaranteed by casting, should still ued the forging process. The combined application of forging and machining can obtain parts with small surface roughness values and high precision.
2) Annual output
Which forging method is used depends on the annual output of forgings. The annual output is small, using free forging; the annual output is small, using die forging; the output is large, using die forging; the annual output is large, using a special die forging production line.
3) Shape and size
The shape and size of the die forging will determine the type of equipment used for die forging, that is, each type of forging equipment has its own typical forgings:
① Die forging hammer is suitable for forging gears, shafts, connecting rods and bending parts and fork parts with complex shapes;
② The heat die forging press is suitable for forging gears and long shafts with little change in cross-section. If it is equipped with roll forging blanks, long shafts with large cross-section changes can also be forged;
③ The flat forging machine is suitable for forging partial upsetting parts with rods and forgings with holes.
4) Workpiece material
It can determine the blanking process, heating temperature, cold trimming or hot trimming, and heat treatment process of the forging process.
5) Precision
It can determine the machining allowances and forging tolerances.
6) Hardness
It can determine the heat treatment process of the forging process.
7) Surface roughness
It can determine whether to use machining.
8) Cleaning method
A combination of factors such as the shape, size, material, and hardness of the part determines the cleaning method used.
9) Equipment conditions
Although a certain type of plastic equipment has its own typical forgings, it also depends on the specific conditions. If a forging piece is suitable for die forging on a flat forging machine, but there is no flat forging machine in the workshop and the output is not large, it can be die forged on other equipment.
